a tribal and oral community into some degree of visual, uniform 
culture able to sustain a market system.

     In Egypt the press is needed to effect nationalism, that 
visual kind of unity that springs men out of local and tribal 
patterns. Paradoxically, radio has come to the fore in Egypt as 
the rejuvenator of the ancient tribes. The battery radio carried 
on the camel gives to the Bedouin tribes a power and vitality 
unknown before, so that to use the world “nationalism” for the 
fury of oral agitation that the Arabs have felt by radio is to 
conceal the situation from ourselves. Unity of the Arab-
speaking world can only come by the press. Nationalism was 
unknown to the Western world until the Renaissance, when 
Gutenberg made it possible to see  the mother tongue in 
uniform dress. Radio does nothing for this uniform visual unity 
so necessary to nationalism. In order to restrict radio-listening